Caesar makes reference to crises in Rome following the death of Sulla and when Crassus led the Roman legions in a failed war with Parthia. Sulla (full name: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) was a leading Roman general and politician. He led his armies to victory in the Jugurthine War, the Cimbrian War, the Social War, the First Mithridatic War, and Sulla's civil war. He was appointed dictator of Rome (term 82-79 BC), and was responsible for a number of significant political reforms. He voluntarily resigned in 79 BC and died of natural causes in the following year. Marcus Licinius Crassus was one of Sulla's military commanders. He later became one of Rome's leading politicians and led his armies to victory in the Third Servile War. He finally led a failed invasion of the Parthian Empire, being killed in the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), along with most of his army. His campaign was the opening campaign of the Roman-Parthian Wars (54 BC-AD 217), three centuries of inconclusive wars between the two rival empires.

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